Quantitative outcomes 

​  Under the UNLV Institutional Review Board administrative review exempt due to quality improvement project (protocol #1510973-5), loneliness level of art community services participating residents (n = 20) were compared to that of non-participating residents (n = 40) in a long-term care facility in Southern Nevada between 10/1/2022 and 3/31/2025.

  Main outcome measure was the percentage of loneliness level between the first and last measurement, loneliness ∆%. The three-item UCLA Loneliness Scale was applied to measure the loneliness level (range 3-9 points; higher points are more lonely).1 A positive value of loneliness ∆% indicates the improvement of engagement level over time. Loneliness was measured every quarter by long-term care facility’s professional practitioners. Among art communication services participating residents’ group, the mean of loneliness ∆% was 6.04 with a standard deviation of 37.52 and a range of -75 to 57.14. Among non-participating residents’ group, the mean of loneliness ∆% was -18.87 with a standard deviation of 46.67 and a range of -200.00 to 37.50.